It was clear that Federation would go ahead with or without Australia's western third. Sharp divisions in the West had delayed the referendum. These were the result of a decade of dramatic growth, fuelled by the discovery of gold in the colony just a few years after it was granted responsible government in Papers of B. They comprise notes and letters of Andrew Inglis Clark. Among the papers are correspondence with political leaders, Convention documents and newspaper cuttings.
They include notes and speeches on the federal campaign and a volume of documents relating to the Convention. They consist of menus, invitations and other printed ephemera. They include annotated drafts of the Commonwealth Constitution Bill. They include diaries, notebooks, speeches and cutting books. Papers of L.
Crisp, political scientist and author of Federation fathers They include correspondence and the manuscripts of his Federation monographs They include correspondence, copies of documents and research material on Deakin and the Federal movement. Papers of R. Joyce, historian and author of Samuel Walker Griffith They include correspondence, copies of original documents, research material and drafts on Sir William Griffith.
Papers of F. Crowley, historian and author of Big John Forrest The Australian Joint Copying Project microfilmed Colonial Office records documenting the British response to the Federation movement, including the negotiations between the Australian delegates and the British Government in In addition, it filmed personal papers of several ministers and governors who took an interest in Federation.
The Library holds the music scores of a substantial number of patriotic songs which were written in support of Federation and to celebrate the inauguration of the Commonwealth. The following are some examples. Adney, Marcus L. Australia: Australian national anthem , Burn, John C. Chanter, Arthur, Australians all: national song and anthem , De Giorgio, V. Landseer, Laura, Federation waltz , McBurney, S.
McCormick, P. Nicholson, John H. Ricketts, Thomas A. Taylor, Toso, United Australia: national song and chorus , c. The Library holds a small group of paintings, drawings, cartoons and prints of prominent figures in the Federation movement. The following are some examples:. Banks, Harry G. Wise photograph , An umpire watches on. Printed at the bottom is: 'Combine Aust! Umpire Punch: "You've done jolly well by combination in cricket field, and now you're going to federate at home.
Bravo, boys! Sporting union predated federation. In an intercolonial cricket team represented Australia in the first test match against England. This process is known as Federation. For at least 50 years, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have lived on these lands and practiced traditional cultures and languages. From the late s, British colonies were established.
By the late s, these colonies had their own parliaments but were still subject to the law-making power of the British Parliament. The colonies were almost like 6 separate countries; for example, each had its own government and laws, its own defence force, issued its own stamps and collected tariffs—taxes—on goods that crossed its borders.
The colonies had even built railways using different gauges, which complicated the transport of people and goods across the continent. By the s the inefficiency of this system, a growing unity among colonists and a belief that a national government was needed to deal with issues such as trade, defence and immigration saw popular support for Federation grow.
Sir Robert Garran, who was active in the Federation movement, later reflected that the colonies were united by a combination of 'fear, national sentiment and self-interest'. While tariffs provided the colonial governments with much revenue , they restricted trade and movement between the colonies. Tariffs increased the cost of goods and made it hard for manufacturers based outside a colony to compete with local producers. Trade restrictions also made travelling between colonies difficult; the train journey between Melbourne and Sydney was delayed at the border in Albury while customs officials searched passengers' luggage.
Free traders were among the most vocal supporters of Federation. They argued abolishing tariffs and creating a single market would strengthen the economy of each colony. Prior to Federation, the colonies were ill-equipped to defend themselves. Each colony had its own militia consisting of a small permanent force and volunteers, but they all relied on the British navy to periodically patrol the Australian coastline.
People feared the colonies could be vulnerable to attack from other nations with larger populations and military forces. The colonies thought a united defence force could better protect Australia. Bevan Edwards. He found the colonies did not have enough soldiers, weapons or ammunition to adequately defend themselves. The report recommended a national defence force be established. There was a concern 'cheap' non-white labour would compete with colonists for jobs, leading to lower wages and a lowere standard of living.
These anxieties stemmed partly from anti-Chinese sentiment dating back to the gold-fields of the s. They also reflected resentment towards Pacific Islanders who worked in Queensland's sugar industry. At the time, racial conflict was seen as a consequence of a multicultural society.
It was felt a national government would be in a better position than the colonies to control immigration. Colonists mostly shared a common language, culture and heritage, and increasingly began to identify as Australian rather than British. New South Wales Premier, Sir Henry Parkes, referred to this as 'the crimson thread of kinship that runs through us all'.
By Federation in over three-quarters of the population were Australian-born. Many people moved between the colonies to find work and sporting teams had begun to represent 'Australia'. In soldiers from the colonies who went to the Boer War in South Africa served together as Australians.
Contemporary songs and poems celebrated Australia and Australians. Convinced the colonies would be stronger if they united, Sir Henry Parkes gave a rousing address at Tenterfield, New South Wales in calling for 'a great national government for all Australians'.
Parkes's call provided the momentum that led to Australia becoming a nation. Parkes knew popular support was not enough, so he lobbied his fellow premiers to back Federation. On 6 February delegates from each of the colonial parliaments and the New Zealand Parliament met at the Australasian Federation Conference in Melbourne.
The conference agreed 'the interests and prosperity of the Australian colonies would be served by an early union under the crown'. It called for a national convention—formal meeting—to draft a constitution for a Commonwealth of Australia. Members of the Australasian Federation Convention, A sepia toned photograph of a group of men in formal attire in front of a portico of a building.
See our classroom resource. Defining Moments: Australian Federation It also called for an Australasian convention where parliamentary representatives from the colonies would develop a constitution which would provide for a federal government and a federal parliament: The opportunity has arisen for the consideration of this great subject and I believe that the time is at hand … when this thing will be done.
Tom Keneally British approval As the colonies were under British rule, Federation would only come about if the British Parliament passed the necessary legislation. Federation as a Defining Moment Federation was a remarkable political achievement.
Curriculum subjects. Year levels. In our collection. Commemorative mug for the Federation of Australia in Souvenir china mug printed with 'Rose and Waratah' pattern green decorations, designed by John Slater and John Shorter. Explore Defining Moments.
Eureka Stockade. White Australia policy. Founding of Canberra. Trans-Australian Railway. Decimal currency. You may also like. Prime Ministers of Australia. Knowing Australian Plants. Queen Elizabeth II wattle painting.
0コメント