The primary property of lead that makes it ideal as a shielding material is density. However, for radiation shielding, this material possesses other critical properties, such as a high degree of application flexibility, extreme level of stability, and high atomic number. This material is readily available in many forms, including lead brick, lead wool, lead pipe, lead shot, lead sheet, lead-lined or lead-clad pipe, and lead powder.
The bottom line is that lead and lead alloys are excellent materials for radiation shielding. One of the greatest properties of this material is the ease of which people can work with it. For all types of shielding applications, lead performs extremely well. For people who work with or around radiation, lead serves as a protective barrier that creates peace of mind.
Montreal: Calgary: Accelerate installation with an extensive range of custom and off-the shelf solutions. Associated Data Supplementary Materials Study protocol. Abstract Background Despite the firmly established occupational risk of exposure to X-rays, they are used extensively in spine surgeries. Methods Single-center, prospective, randomized study of adult patients with degenerative lumbar disorders, scheduled to undergo posterior lumbar interbody fusion.
Findings Sixty four patients were included in this study, 34 in the RO cohort and 30 in the FA cohort. Interpretation The 0. Introduction X-rays are used extensively in medical practice in general, and in orthopedic and spinal surgery in particular, due to its excellent imaging abilities of bony structures. Materials and methods 2.
Design Single-center, prospective, randomized study of posterior lumbar interbody fusion performed in a robot-assisted, minimally invasive approach RO or a conventional, fluoroscopically-assisted, open approach FA. Patients Adult patients presenting single or two-level degenerative lumbar spinal disorders scheduled to undergo primary fusion surgery, were eligible to participate in this study.
Surgical techniques All patients underwent a spinal fusion by a posterior approach. Outcome measures Baseline data were collected, and included sex, age, height, weight and symptom duration. Open in a separate window. Statistical analysis Difference in exposure to radiation between the RO and FA groups recorded by the TLDs was compared between the 2 groups as a ratio.
Table 1 Baseline patient characteristics and surgical parameters by treatment cohort. Discussion As modern spinal surgical practice becomes increasingly less invasive, the requisite instrumentation accuracy has come at the cost of heightened intraoperative radiation doses [14].
Declarations Author contribution statement Seung-Jae Hyun: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper. Funding statement This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interest statement The authors declare no conflict of interest. Additional information No additional information is available for this paper. Appendix A. Supplementary data Study protocol: Click here to view. References 1. Klein L.
Occupational health hazards in the interventional laboratory: time for a safer environment. Lester J. Occupational hazards facing orthopedic surgeons. Belle Mead NJ. Mastrangelo G. Increased cancer risk among surgeons in an orthopaedic hospital.
Rampersaud Y. Radiation exposure to the spine surgeon during fluoroscopically assisted pedicle screw insertion. Spine Phila Pa Singer G. Occupational radiation exposure to the surgeon.
Srinivasan D. Radiation safety and spine surgery: systematic review of exposure limits and methods to minimize radiation exposure. World Neurosurg. Bushberg J. Williams and Wilkins; Baltimore: The essential physics of medical imaging. Simon S. Organ-specific external dose coefficients and protective apron transmission factors for historical dose reconstruction for medical personnel. Health Phys. Christodoulou E. Evaluation of the transmitted exposure through lead equivalent aprons used in a radiology department, including the contribution from backscatter.
Yaffe M. Composite materials for x-ray protection. Lyra M. Radiation protection of staff in In radionuclide therapy—is the lead apron shielding effective? McGuire E. Evaluation of radiation exposures to personnel in fluoroscopic X-ray facilities. Onen M. Robotic spine surgery: a preliminary report. Turk Neurosurg. Does less invasive spine surgery result in increased radiation exposure? A systematic review. Miller D. Occupational radiation protection in interventional radiology: a joint guideline of the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe and the Society of Interventional Radiology.
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Spine Phila Pa ; 31 21 — Harstall R. For the purpose of this post, we will focus on the three different types of materials used in manufacturing x-ray attenuating garments such as aprons, vests, and skirts. However, advances in radiation shielding material technology have produced two alternative materials, lead composite and lead-free radiation shielding.
Now medical professionals have several options when it comes to selecting their radiation shielding garments. Lead composite shielding is a mixture of lead and other lighter weight metals. These lead-based composite blends are a proprietary mixture of lead and other heavy metals that attenuate radiation.
The lead composite blend will vary by manufacturer as they have developed their own proprietary blends that may include a mixture of lead, tin, rubber, PVC vinyl and other proprietary attenuating metals. Similar to the proprietary blends of lead-based composite shielding materials the non-lead and lead-free shielding materials offer the same protection levels. Non-lead shielding materials are manufactured with additives and binders mixed with attenuating heavy metals that fall into the same category of materials as lead that also absorb or block radiation.
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